The Role of Socio-Economic Factors in Determining the Women Bargaining Power in Pakistan
Abstract
Purpose:In recent times, women’s status has been upgraded through an increase in socio-economic factors, which had implications in determining their bargaining power. The bargaining process produces household decisions which usually consist of unequal bargaining power. This study investigating the socio-economic factors through which female education and income change their bargaining power at the household.
Design/Methodology/Approach:For this purpose, a primary survey through a questionnaire has administered in different areas of Punjab, Pakistan. We have collected the data 200 working married women OLS ordinary least square model has been applied to estimate our results.
Findings:The result of the study shows that the socio-economic factors has significant and positive role in determining the women bargaining power within and outside the household. Higher income and education not only enhance their bargaining power in decision-making within and outside the household but also increase the status of women in society.
Implications/Originality/Value:Oursociety needs to change their prospective towards women by removing these obstacles and giving them freedom of voice and choice, so they can lead their life according to their will. Changing such social norms through education will create better position for women in the household as well in society.
Downloads
Article Analytics Summary
References
Acharya, D. R., Bell, J. S., Simkhada, P., Van Teijlingen, E. R., &Regmi, P. R. (2010). Women's autonomy in household decision-making: a demographic study in Nepal. Reproductive health, 7(1), 1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4755-7-15
Ali, T. S., Krantz, G., Gul, R., Asad, N., Johansson, E., &Mogren, I. (2011). Gender roles and their influence on life prospects for women in urban Karachi, Pak0istan: a qualitative study. Global health action, 4(1), 7448. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v4i0.7448
Alkire, S., Meinzen-Dick, R., Peterman, A., Quisumbing, A., Seymour, G., &Vaz, A. (2013).The women’s empowerment in agriculture index.World development, 52, 71-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.06.007
Arooj, S., Hussain, W., Arooj, A., Iqbal, A., Hameed, S., &Abbasi, A. (2013).Paid Work & Decision Making Power of Married Women Cross Sectional Survey of Muzaffarabad Azad State of Jammu & Kashmir.Advances in Applied Sociology, 3(03), 165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/aasoci.2013.33022
Ashraf, N., Karlan, D., & Yin, W. (2010). Female empowerment: Impact of a commitment savings product in the Philippines. World development, 38(3), 333-344. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.05.010
Beegle, K., Frankenberg, E., & Thomas, D. (2001).Bargaining power within couples and use of prenatal and delivery care in Indonesia.Studies in family planning, 32(2), 130-146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2001.00130.x
Breuer, A., &Asiedu, E. (2017). Can gender-targeted employment interventions help enhance community participation? Evidence from urban Togo.World development, 96, 390-407. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.022
Brown, P. H. (2009). Dowry and intrahousehold bargaining evidence from China.Journal of Human Resources, 44(1), 25-46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/jhr.2009.0016
Connelly, R., Roberts, K., &Zheng, Z. (2010).The impact of circular migration on the position of married women in rural China.Feminist Economics, 16(1), 3-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13545700903382752
De Brauw, A., Gilligan, D. O., Hoddinott, J., & Roy, S. (2014). The impact of BolsaFamília on women’s decision-making power.World development, 59, 487-504. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.02.003
Desai, S., &Andrist, L. (2010). Gender scripts and age at marriage in India. Demography, 47(3), 667-687. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.0.0118
Doss, C. (2006).The effects of intrahousehold property ownership on expenditure patterns in Ghana.Journal of African economies, 15(1), 149-180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/eji025
Doss, C. (2013).Intrahousehold bargaining and resource allocation in developing countries.The World Bank Research Observer, 28(1), 52-78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkt001
Doss, C. R. (1996).Women's bargaining power in household economic decisions: Evidence from Ghana. Retrieved from
Doss, C. R., Deere, C. D., Oduro, A. D., &Swaminathan, H. (2011).The gender asset and wealth gaps: evidence from Ecuador, Ghana, and Karnataka, India. Retrieved from
Fatima, D. (2014). Education, Employment, and Women’s Say in Household Decision-Making in Pakistan.
Folbre, N. (2018). Developing care: Recent research on the care economy and economic development.
Ganle, J. K., Afriyie, K., &Segbefia, A. Y. (2015). Microcredit: Empowerment and disempowerment of rural women in Ghana. World development, 66, 335-345. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.08.027
Garikipati, S. (2008). The impact of lending to women on household vulnerability and women’s empowerment: evidence from India. World development, 36(12), 2620-2642. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.11.008
Guvuriro, S., &Booysen, F. (2018).Family‐type public goods and intra‐household decision‐making by co‐resident South African couples.Review of Development Economics.
Haile, H. B., Bock, B., &Folmer, H. (2012).Microfinance and female empowerment: Do institutions matter? Paper presented at the Women's studies international forum. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2012.04.001
Hanson, S. (2009). Changing places through women’s entrepreneurship. Economic geography, 85(3), 245-267. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-8287.2009.01033.x
ILO.(2012). Global estimate of forced labour–Results and methodology.Geneva, June.
Jejeebhoy, S. J., &Sathar, Z. A. (2001). Women's autonomy in India and Pakistan: the influence of religion and region. Population and development review, 27(4), 687-712. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2001.00687.x
Juhn, C., & McCue, K. (2017). Specialization then and now: Marriage, children, and the gender earnings gap across cohorts. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(1), 183-204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.1.183
Kabeer, N. (1999). Resources, agency, achievements: Reflections on the measurement of women's empowerment. Development and change, 30(3), 435-464. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00125
Kandiyoti, D. (1998). Afterword. Some Awkward Questions on Women and Modernity in Turkey: Princeton University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400831203-011
Luke, N., &Munshi, K. (2011). Women as agents of change: Female income and mobility in India. Journal of development economics, 94(1), 1-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.01.002
Lundberg, S. J., & Ward-Batts, J. (2000).Saving for retirement: Household bargaining and household net worth.Claremont McKenna College Robert Day School of Economics and Finance Research Paper(2004-03). DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.532822
Mahmud, S., &Tasneem, S. (2014).Measuring ‘empowerment’using quantitative household survey data. Paper presented at the Women's Studies International Forum. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2013.11.009
Mello, D., &Schmink, M. (2017).Amazon entrepreneurs: Women’s economic empowerment and the potential for more sustainable land use practices. Paper presented at the Women's Studies International Forum. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2016.11.008
Miedema, S. S., Shwe, S., &Kyaw, A. T. (2016). Social inequalities, empowerment, and women’s transitions into abusive marriages: a case study from Myanmar. Gender & Society, 30(4), 670-694. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243216642394
Moghadam, Z. B., Khiaban, M. O., Esmaeili, M., &Salsali, M. (2018). Review of the High Level of Education and Reduced Fertility in Iranian Women: Have Women Been Empowered. Int. J. Womens Health Reprod. Sci, 20181(6), 2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15296/ijwhr.2018.18
Mumtaz, Z., Salway, S., Waseem, M., &Umer, N. (2003). Gender-based barriers to primary health care provision in Pakistan: the experience of female providers. Health policy and planning, 18(3), 261-269. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czg032
Ngunjiri, A. W. (2013). The Role of" Islamic feminism" in Somali Immigrant Women's Intra-and Extra-Household Bargaining Power and in Mitigating the Negative Effects of the Image Problem in their Integration in Norway. The University of Bergen,
OECD.(2018). Report. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/
Panda, P., &Agarwal, B. (2005).Marital violence, human development and women’s property status in India.World development, 33(5), 823-850. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.01.009
Qian, N. (2008). Missing women and the price of tea in China: The effect of sex-specific earnings on sex imbalance.The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 123(3), 1251-1285. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2008.123.3.1251
Quisumbing, A., Estudillo, J., &Otsuka, K. (2004). Land and Schooling: Transferring wealth across generations. Chapter 1, The Philippine Case (pp. 45-114). In: Johns Hopkins University Press: Maryland.
Quisumbing, A. R. (1994). Intergenerational transfers in Philippine rice villages: Gender differences in traditional inheritance customs. Journal of development economics, 43(2), 167-195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(94)90003-5
Radel, C., Schmook, B., Haenn, N., & Green, L. (2017).The gender dynamics of conditional cash transfers and smallholder farming in Calakmul, Mexico. Paper presented at the Women's Studies International Forum. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2016.06.004
Reggio, I. (2011). The influence of the mother's power on her child's labor in Mexico.Journal of development economics, 96(1), 95-105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.07.002
Sanyal, P. (2009). From credit to collective action: The role of microfinance in promoting women's social capital and normative influence. American sociological review, 74(4), 529-550. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240907400402
Sarikhani, N. (2012). Individual Autonomy of Muslim Married Working Women in India and Iran: A Comparative Study of Mysore and Ahvaz Cities. Studies on Home and Community Science, 6(3), 127-138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09737189.2012.11885378
Sathar, Z. A., &Kazi, S. (2000). Women's autonomy in the context of rural Pakistan.The Pakistan Development Review, 89-110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30541/v39i2pp.89-110
SebertKuhlmann, A. K., Gullo, S., Galavotti, C., Grant, C., Cavatore, M., &Posnock, S. (2017). Women's and health workers’ Voices in open, inclusive communities and effective spaces (VOICES): measuring governance outcomes in reproductive and maternal health Programmes. Development Policy Review, 35(2), 289-311. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12209
Shahid, U. (2017). Describing Determinants of Negotiation and Bargaining to Access and Utilize Resource Including Health among Immigrant Pakistani Women in US. International Journal of Gender and Women's Studies, 6(1), 34-50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15640/ijgws.v6n1a1
Thomas, D. (1994). Like father, like son; like mother, like daughter: Parental resources and child height.Journal of Human Resources, 950-988. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/146131
UN, W. (2018). Turning promises into action. Gender equality in the, 2030.
Winkvist, A., &Akhtar, H. Z. (2000). God should give daughters to rich families only: attitudes towards childbearing among low-income women in Punjab, Pakistan. Social Science & Medicine, 51(1), 73-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00440-2
World Bank, G. (2017). World development indicators 2017: World Bank.
World Bank, G. (2019). The World Bank Annual Report 2019: Ending Poverty, Investing in Opportunity: The World Bank.
Yount, K. M. (2005). Women's family power and gender preference in Minya, Egypt.Journal of Marriage and Family, 67(2), 410-428. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-2445.2005.00125.x
Yount, K. M., & Li, L. (2009).Women's “justification” of domestic violence in Egypt.Journal of Marriage and Family, 71(5), 1125-1140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.00659.x
Yount, K. M., & Li, L. (2010).Domestic violence against married women in Egypt.Sex roles, 63(5-6), 332-347. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-010-9793-3
Yusof, S. A., &Duasa, J. (2010).Household decision-making and expenditure patterns of married men and women in Malaysia.Journal of family and economic issues, 31(3), 371-381. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-010-9200-9
Zaman, R. M., Stewart, S. M., &Zaman, T. R. (2006). Pakistan: Culture, community, and familial obligations in a Muslim society.
Zhang, J., & Chan, W. (1999). Dowry and Wife's Welfare: A Theotrical and Empirical Analysis. Journal of Political Economy, 107(4), 786-808. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/250079
Copyright (c) 2021 Mariam Amjad, Ahmad Nawaz, Muhammad Masood Anwar, Abdul Farooq
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
CSRC Publishing and JBSEE adhere to Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License. The authors submitting and publishing in JBSEE agree to the copyright policy under creative common license 4.0 (Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International). Under this license, the authors published in JBSEE retain the copyright including publishing rights of their scholarly work and agree to let others remix, tweak, and build upon their work non-commercially. All other authors using the content of SBSEE are required to cite author(s) and publisher in their work. CSRC Publishing and JBSEE follow an Open Access Policy for copyright and licensing.
