Reporting Conflict: Appraising Journalists’ Voice in Pakistani Newspaper Discourse

ABSTRACT


Introduction
This paper aims at evaluating journalist voice in the Pakistani print media discourse. Journalists are supposed to make valuefree reporting, but the analysis of newspaper texts shows that the journalists appraise and the news reports voice newspapers' stance (Bednarek, 2006), therefore, media discourses always present a particular left or rightwing stance loaded with subjective evaluations (White and Thompson, 2008).
News journalists claim that their texts have the special epistemic status of being 'objective ', 'neutral' and 'impartial (Thompson and white, 2008) but analyses have shown that they evaluate their stance while reporting (see section 5). It is believed that the public media are the primary means of shaping public opinion. (Bielsa & O'Donnell). As there are well established traditions of newspapers serving party political or religious sectarian interests (Thompson and white, 2008). So, this paper explores the political affiliation of newspapers either towards left-wing or towards right-wing. It is the power which is used to control the flow of information: what gets into the press, and how it is presented (Bielsa & O'Donnell). Therefore, newspaper plays a great role in shaping public opinion.
The study in this paper is concerned with the analysis of 'hard news reports of Pakistani newspapers in the English language for the exploration of newspaper ideology. An ideology is generally said to represent the worldview and to embody the interests of a class or ethnic group (Weber, 1935). The selected data are largely biased towards political issues and events (see example 22 and its explanation). So, the focus of this study is to explore the biased opinion of the journalists in a news story which depict them of either towards left wing (with anti establishment) or towards right wing (with the establishment). It explores the syndication of three daily newspapers in the Pakistani print media with political parties of Pakistan.

Review of the Literature
The Appraisal framework (Martin and White, 2005) is a development of work in Systemic Functional Linguistics (Halliday, 1994) and is concerned with interpersonal meaning in text. So, these are linguistic resources by which texts/speakers come to express particular inter-subjective and ultimately ideological positions which are concerned with Appraisal theory. In a general opinion, journalists make value free reporting in a newspaper, but they usually appraise and their texts have the special epistemic status of being 'objective', 'neutral' and 'impartial'  which shows their biasness either towards left wing or towards right wing stance while reporting. Moreover, journalists or the government, which are the powerful groups are capable to control discourses (Tehseem, 2013). Also, news should be studied primarily as a form of public discourse Van Dijk (1988). So, the media spreads such information that could bend and change public opinion toward peaceful resolution of conflict (Jan and Khan, 2011) for this purpose choice of the lexical items is primarily important. Lexical choices are always made against the background of their history of use in the community, they carry the `freight' of their associations with them, and a text must often struggle to appropriate another's word to make it its own (Lemke 1992: 85). Therefore, ideologies are shared as there are no private ideologies, but private opinions (Van Dijk, 1999). According to White and Martin (2003), Appraisal is one of the major discourse semantic resources construing interpersonal meaning. So, 'journalistic voice' taxonomy depends on work within what is known as the appraisal framework .
For exploration of journalistic voice in media discourses a huge literature is available on appraisal theory and its application for example; Van Hout, Vertommen and Pounds (2012), White and Thomson (2008), Thomson, White and Kitley (2008), Kitley (2008), White (2006), Martin and White (2003), Coffin (2002), Körner (2001), , White (2000), White (1998), Eggins and Slade (1997), Coffin (1997), Martin (1997), Christie and Martin (1997), Martin (1995a), Martin (1995b), Iedema, Feez and White (1994). White (2003) argues that Appraisal systems that is attitude, engagement and graduation are used to inform our interpretation of evaluation in the text in relation to tenor which is a social context variable. Moreover, Coffin (2002) sheds light on appraisal and argues that Appraisal systems are the semantic resources which are used for the negotiation of emotions, judgments, and valuations.

Background to the Study
As a result of general elections held in Pakistan on 11th of May, 2013, Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz)'s government was established. Elections were reported rigged consequently two parties, namely Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaaf (PTI) and Pakistan Awami Tehreek (PAT) refused to accept the elected government. On 17th of June, 2014, there was an uprising against the government by PAT supporters in Lahore. In order to restrain this revolt, Punjab police intruded which caused death of people resulting Lahore massacre, 2014. For the similar rationale, PAT and PTI leaders declared a protest march, which culminated in a sit-in protest. On August 31, 2014, protesters of both parties moved towards Prime Minister House demanding the resignation of PM Nawaz Sharif. In order to stop this march, Police and rangers intervened the horde resulting "Islamabad operation, 2014". The study draws its data from these two news stories.

Research Methodology
In order to find patterns employed by journalist to portray the reporter's voice selected data was analyzed in the light of appraisal theory.

Data Collection
To find the journalistic voice, data encompasses the news reporting from Pakistan's three leading newspapers, DAWN, The News and The Nation. Further, two issues on bloodshed were selected which include the modal town massacre, Lahore (17th June, 2014) and Islamabad operation (31st August, 2014). As in an ideological process, language has an essential role (Brognolli, 1992) so, this paper intends to show how journalistic voice manipulates ideology by using the medium newspaper. Journalistic voice is a taxonomy for classifying and grouping news media texts according to the use they make of certain key evaluative meanings .

Research Questions
What patterns do the journalists employ to portray the reporter's voice for construing different perspectives in news reporting?

Subsidary Questions i.
What linguistic patterns do the journalists employ to appraise their stance in news reporting? ii.
How does the reporter voice help in investigating newspapers' political affiliations in Pakistan in reference to projecting their agenda?

Selected Ideoogies Oriented Terms
Listed below are the key variables or appraised objects from news stories which portray newspaper's stance and depict journalistic voice in selected data.
 Government  Police  PAT supporters  PTI supporters  Imran Khan  Tahir ul Qadri  Statements against protesting parties, i.e PAT and PTA  Statements against government  Statements against police

Appraisal System
Appraisal theory is concerned with the linguistic resources for, by which a texts/speakers come to express, negotiate and naturalize particular inter-subjective and ultimately ideological positions . This theory is located in the framework of SFL (Systemic Functional Linguistics) and is a further extension if interpersonal metafunction of language. Table 1 presents an overview of the appraisal system of analyzing language with examples. Categorically, there are three subsystems of appraisal theory that is attitude, engagement and graduation. "Attitude" includes emotions, judgement of people and appreciation of objects. "Affect" deals with the emotional attachment of the person. "Engagement" deals with the assessment of the evaluations of other people and how writers may modify the strength of their attitude/engagement. While the strength of the evaluation is dealt by "Graduation" (Read & Carroll, 2012). Listing of words in table 1 doesn't mean that words will always carry specific value with them. Depending upon the context and the use of the word, a specific word can carry different values in a same text. For example word "different" (See example number 1 and 2) falls in different appraisal categories according to different contexts: 4.4.1 "Different" as judgement: Here, in example 1 this word, different, acts as judgement because the appraised object is human. It shows the betrayal of Imran Khan's behavior from usual social customs.

1)
[Imran Khan on Sunday was different [(-) Attitude: Judgement: Social esteem: Normality]… ] (The Nation: 31st August, 2014). 4.4.2 "Different" as appreciation: In example 2, the situation is evaluated which is non-human object. So, the word "different" is used to evaluate the composition of the situation. In the context of this statement, the situation was quite harmonious but on Sunday it was different than the usual. Hence is negatively evaluated.

Analysis and Discussion
This section deals with analysis of news stories to unveil newspaper ideology by application of appraisal theory which has been widely employed in the analysis the notion of 'authorial stance , Martin and Rose (2003), Martin and White (2005), White (2006), Thomson and White, (2008), Thomson, White and Kitley (2008) (for an appraisal system of language evaluation see table number 1). This notion helps to construe the writer's emotional response towards the subject of evaluation. Presented below the section 5.1 deals with evaluation as attitude and 5.2 there are examples from the appendix.

Evaluation as Attitude
Evaluation is the mechanism by which a narrator or character highlights the point of the narrative (Macken-Horarik, 2003). Attitude in text can be evaluated either explicitly (inscribed appraisal) or implicitly (evoked appraisal). Examples of both inscribed and evoked appraisal are given below:


Inscribed appraisal: It is the overtly evaluation of objects by including those lexical items which show a person's emotions, judgement or aesthetics associated with things. In the statement given below explicitly judgement about police is given by evaluating it 'riot'. See example 1,

3) [The riot [(-)Attitude: Judgement: social sanction: Propriety] police kept showering teargas shells… ] (The News: 17 th June, 2014)
Evoked appraisal: Implicit evaluation of attitude is evoked appraisal. In such texts there is an absence of lexical items which show person's interest or ennui about particular objects instead an indirect evaluation is found which is termed as 'token'. For example, in the statement given below, implicitly negative attitude is evoked by terming Khan and other party leaders as undependable and unreliable because they left their supporters in the lurch.

4) [Khan and some other party leaders who had preferred to stay safe in the air-conditioned container [(-) Attitude: Judgement: Social esteem: Tenacity] … ](Dawn: 31 st August, 2014).
As appraisal is concerned with evaluationthe kinds of attitudes that are negotiated in a text, the strength of the feelings involved and the ways in which values are sourced and readers aligned (Martin and Rose, 2003). Therefore, exploration of attitude leads towards the investigation of the veiled ideology of authorities. In this paper, data comprises of all appraisal subsystems, however, the main kind of attitude expressed in news reporting is judgement (see table 2). Note: Instances comprise of both positive and negative attitudes.
Analyses of data show that biases present in media broadsheet are not overtly expressed so the explored authorial voice is largely implicit. For the exploration of the newspaper ideology list of appraised objects (see section 4.3) is displayed against each attitude kind. For this purpose, table number 3 deals with the evaluation of the contents of news to investigate whether an object is more positively or negatively appraised. It directs to assert the promoted perspective of media broadsheet which frames ideology. As ideology provides the frames, limits and contents of the news (Schiff, 2011). So, table number 3 explains the point of view presented by newspapers to unveil the ideology and to shape public opinion. Ideology of newspapers is expressed below and explained with examples from data (for more examples see appendix).

I -Dawn
Dawn has promoted a left-wing point of view and has evaluated the police's role as cruel, mean and brutal. For example: Explanation: In this newspaper headline brutal behavior of the police is highlighted which promote its inclination towards left wing. In the conflict, tear gas, batons and rubber bullets were used by police to take control over the mob. Likewise see second example mentioned below,

Explanation:
In this headline scene of carnage describes the viciousness of police by highlighting the number of PAT supporters who were killed in clashes. Also, emotions of readers are stirred up against police by mentioning the killing of the women and youth (for more examples see section 5.1.2). It was the job of police to protect women and youth, but according to this headline, police has been failed in fulfilling its duty to protect the citizens of their area. Only one side of the coin has been shown by paper because it has not mentioned death of any policemen who were also killed and injured in the conflict. So, the main focus of information in the news is the brutality of the police. Other examples on similar stance are mentioned in section 5.1.1

II -The News
The News has projected right wing stance and it demonstrates the negative attitude towards anti government parties that is PAT and PTI while government's gestures are positively appraised. Following examples help in understanding the portrayal of their stance.

7)
[March on PM House stopped [(+) Attitude: Judgement: Social esteem: Capacity]] (The News: 31st August, 2014). Explanation: In this headline, police is positively appraised by evaluating its role as a capable and powerful participant in Islamabad operation to stop the activity of anti government protesting parties. In contrast to DAWN, The News has concealed the oppressive means to stop the march by the use of rubber bullets, batons and tear gas (see example number 5 and 6). It was observed that for the promotion of right wing stance newspaper has not explicitly appraised government's or police's gestures, but has discouraged the actions of anti government parties. In the analysis, it was found that there was not only a single instance against government's gestures and 5 instances were there to discourage police activity in contrast to these PAT/ PAT supporters' activities were 22 times negatively appraised and PTI/ PTI supporters' activities were 10 times negatively appraised (see table 3). Also, it was observed that there was a tactful use of attributions to promote their stance (for attribution examples see section 5.2.2). Attributions were used as a means to remain at the back and have presented public opinion on the front line.

Explanation:
In this instance role of PAT supporters is evaluated as barbaric and insane by presenting them as an active participant in the clash. It was a mystery to find out those who were responsible for beginning of firing in the clash. The News has tactfully safeguarded police by providing statement in which police is not shown as a passive participant in the clash. According to this statement, police only retaliated.

III -The Nation
The Nation has promoted government's perspective by evaluating left wing's activity as negative. It was explored that there was a generous use of evoked appraisal.

Explanation:
In this news headline, an implicitly negative attribute is given to the PTI supporters because in the sit-ins, they appear at night and disperse in the day time. Beside this police is evaluated as an authority which has control over the situation. Also, it was observed that police action which demoralized the supporters has been obscured in this statement that is their action has not been clearly defined. Another content of this statement is the state of the anti protesting party. This paper tries to convey that supporters of the left wing are depressed and discouraged with the situation at Constitution Avenue.

Explanation:
In this statement evoked positive attitude about police highlights its law abiding attitude towards the issue means they first tried to solve the problem by negotiations, but it failed because of aggressive attitude shown by PAT activists that is they pelted police with stones thus clash wrought havoc outside Qadri's residence. By highlighting PAT workers' rejection of peace initiative by police, the paper has evaluated their role as tyrannical.

Evaluation as Judgement
Judgement involves language to appraise, criticize, applaud or condemn the behavior of individual human or group of people. The main kind of attitude expressed in news reporting is judgement (see table 2). It is vital to stress judgement, as a system of attitudinal positioning, is, by definition, shaped by the particular cultural and ideological situation in which it operates . Analyses have shown that in the exploration of both (i) tokens of judgement (implicit) and (ii) explicit judgement. However, tokens of judgement (implicit judgement) are present in abundance.

 Modes of judgement
There are two modes of judgement that is inscribed judgement and provoked judgement. Provoked judgement is further divided into two categories provoke judgement (uses some evaluated language) and evoked judgement which involve factual 'tokens' (see example number 18). See figure 1 division of modes of judgement.   It is evident from table 4 that in most of the instances, judgement: Propriety is evaluated. In most of the cases it is negative. Propriety comes under social sanction when there is too much negative sanction, and then there may need to be called in a lawyer (Martin, 2005).

I -Dawn
DAWN has evaluated police negatively and has promoted the point of view of the left-wing of evaluating the police role in the clash as menace creating. Analysis shows negligible use of inscribed judgement. For police tokens of judgement are used (see example 13). For PAT movement and PAT supporters, inscribed negative judgement is used. Hence, DAWN tried to balance its opinion about the issue. But it has created an overall negative impact on police by implicit tokens of judgement.

13) Capital police clashed [(-) Attitude: Judgement: Social sanction: Propriety] with scattered pockets of antigovernment protesters trying to advance on] (DAWN: 17 th June, 2014)
Explanation: This statement shows police's role as an active participant in the clash. Apparently this statement conveys factual information about the happening of the clash but the police's role is negatively evaluated in the statement. Hence, Police is evaluated as the one who is responsible to begin the clash.

14) [Members of the Pakistan Awami Tehreek (PAT) were among the seven people killed during a clash…] (DAWN: 17 th June, 2014)
Explanation: In this lead line, the paper has mentioned only killed people who belong to PAT and has spared the injured policemen. Apparently, this statement carries no lexical item which shows judgement, but there is evoked judgement in the statement. Here, PAT supporters are sympathized over the loss of lives of their party members. Explanation: Here explicit judgement is used to express their opinion. Police is positively evaluated by highlighting its capabilities to take over the control of the situation. While metaphorical expression used for anti government parties is an explicit negative judgement

III -The Nation
By the results of judgement, it has been observed that this newspaper has promoted the perspective of government by terming the PAT and PTI supporters as undependable, unreliable and disloyal to their party and to their leader. Also, it was explored that there was a generous use of evoked appraisal. Explanation: In this statement, the perspective of the government is highlighted by mentioning the unreliability of the PAT supporters instead of standing firm with leader and stick to their agenda when it was danger they all fled away to safeguard their lives. On the other hand, police is appraised by mentioning its capacity to rule the situation. The government's purpose was to stop the supporters entering the premises of Constitution Avenue so; police has helped them to achieve what they wanted. Explanation: This statement adds to the perspective of the government that PAT supporters were the one whose action made a peaceful operation of police as havoc. Moreover, PAT supporters themselves were responsible for bloodshed and death of people. As it was a mystery that who opened fire first, so; in Example 18, recovering of modern weapons from PAT workers means that PAT workers were fully armed so, they attacked on policemen and injured them. This is a tactful use of evoked judgement (see figure 1) in which factual tokens are used to convey information about an event.

Affect
As appraisal is an extension of interpersonal meta-function of language. Therefore, when human beings communicate, they express their emotions. So, affect deals with the resources deployed for construing emotional responses (Macken-Horarik, 2003). Analyses have shown that there is less use of affect in the news stories. And the instances where the affect is used, it is used to show the miserable state of injured people. The sole purpose of affect found by the investigator is to evoke a sympathetic attitude of the readers towards the injured people by mentioning the killing of women and young people. A detailed account on use of affect in news stories is presented below in table 5.   Campaigns have demonstrated that newspaper discourse is a medium of power (Richardson, 2007). So, here it is discussed that how newspapers have used Affect to manipulate public opinion. Displayed below, there are examples from different newspapers to show the use of affect in ideology construction.

I -Dawn
Dawn has presented the situation as a havoc in which not only young, but also women were killed. So, it has promoted the left wing point of view about police being merciless and furious. Beside example 19 and 20, example 6 also carries same agenda.

19) [According to initial reports, one of the deceased PAT supporters is a 16-year-old [(-) Attitude: Affect: Realis: Unhappiness: Misery]. Two women [(-)Attitude: Affect: Realis: Unhappiness: Misery] have also reportedly been killed …] (DAWN: 17 th June, 2014)
Explanation: DAWN has mentioned the death of the young supporter and two women. This statement has shown the affectual responses of the writer towards the killed people. Here, only one sided picture has been given which contribute to make the reader's emotions arise. In the society, women are kept away from clashes and the job of police is to protect them in danger, but here it is the police, which brutally handled the young, women and senior citizens of the area. Also see example 6 for affectual responses of writer towards the issue.

20) [We received seven dead bodies including two women. [(-) Attitude: Affect: Realis: Unhappiness: Misery] All of them had bullet wounds," said Dr. Abdul Rauf, Medical Superintendent] (DAWN: 17 th June, 2014)
Explanation: According to the appraisal system of evaluation, the selected clause is an "attribution" (see section 5.2.2) which carries the other's words but it reflects the writer's inclination towards the issue. Like example 6, and 19 this is also represented the reporter's affectual responses towards the massacre. The journalist has mentioned only the killing of left wing to arise a sympathetic attitude in the readers so it would be justified to say that DAWN has projected left wing stance.

II -The News
The News has negatively evaluates their affectual responses towards left-wing activities.

21) The mob became more [Graduation: Force: intensification: Quality] charged [(-)Attitude: Affect: Realis: Insecurity: disquiet] when the PTI chief announced that military troops had refused to take any action against the protesting people. (The News: 31 st August, 2014)
Explanation: In this statement, the journalist has represented the state of the protesting mob. Word "charged" used for them carries negative connotation and has represented them as an all time ready party to attack the center. This paper positively appraised government's actions, but has negatively appraised the activities of anti government parties.

III -The Nation
The Nation has promoted government's perspective by evaluating left wing's activity as negative. It was explored that there was a generous use of evoked appraisal. Also see example 9 23) We are really ashamed [(-) Attitude: Affect: Realis: Insecurity: Disquiet] that our leader would address followers of another party . (The Nation:31 st August, 2014) Explanation: Government perspective has been described in this instance. Supporters of left-wing promised to be with their leader, but when police intruded, they all fled away so they proved themselves to be unreliable and undependable companions. That is why the journalist has added those statements which adds to the disloyalty of left-wing supporters.
Supporters are ashamed over their disloyalty. This word "ashamed" has promoted the government's perspective towards opposition parties.

26) [at least 30 cops sustained serious injuries ([-) Attitude: Affect: Realis: Unhappiness: Misery] and were shifted to hospitals] (The News: 17 th June, 2014)
Explanation: In this instance, injuries of cops are amplified by saying them serious and number of injured policemen is also mentioned. It is a contrast between 8 killed PAT supporters and 30 seriously injured policemen.

Appreciation
Appreciation is the evaluation of things (Martin and white, 2005). Of the data there is the very minute use of appreciation. The nation has used more appreciations than other newspapers (see table 3). Moreover, there is more negative appreciation than positive appreciation. Table 6 displays a detail account of the use of appreciation against selected key variables (see section 4.3)  Explanation: This instance, shows the journalist's views about the left-wing. The opposition party has been positively appraised the movement by mentioning the movement as "peaceful". So, this instance, helps to deduce that DAWN is promoting the left wing stance.

II -The News
The News has evaluated government positively and has passed negative judgement about anti-establishment. Explanation: This instance is appreciating the government positively. The word "positive" about government implies that journalist is in the favor of the government. If we look at the phrase "took advantage of the government's positive gesture" then there is an implied negative judgement about anti-establishment.

III -The Nation
The Nation has termed the PTI supporters as unfocused so, they are promoting the standpoint of government.

29) Dispersed [(-) Attitude: Apprecation: Composition : Balance] PTI supporters from gathering again near the container of Imran Khan] …] (The Nation:31 st August, 2014)
Explanation: Like example number 2, activities of PTI supporters is negatively appraised. Supposted are unfocused and they don't know what to do in this situation. So, The Nation has promoted the perspective of government that the activities of PTI supporters are unfocused. This is an explicit use of lexical items to appraise their stance. Martin and white (2005) has defined engagement as all those locutions which provide the means for the authorial voice to position itself with respect to, the other voices and alternative positions. This section deals with the authorial positioning of mono gloss and hererogloss. Engagement is further divided into subcategories that are monogloss and heterogloss. Hertogloss is furthur divided into subcategories (see table 1). As journalistic discourse is fabricated with words from different speakers which journalists choose to present and construct a particular social event to the audience (Xiong, 2012). Therefore, this section discusses how journalists portray their viewpoint from the other's words.

Monogloss
In the analysis of news stories only one example is found on monogloss, which is from The Nation. Absence of an element also becomes the basis of ideology. As there is only one example from all three news papers, so newspapers have used other's words to promote their view point. Example 30 represents the monoglossic statement

30) [It was observed that PTI loyalists were receiving food from the organisers of PAT as the PTI organisers were convinced that most of party supporters had left the venue.] (The Nation:31 st August, 2014)
Explanation: In this statement, PTI supporters are not facilitated by their party, instead they are provided food from other parties. It has evaluated the PTI's role as negative party who leave their supporters in lurch.

Heterogloss
Analysis of data has shown that the authorial voice is in the news stories is implicit and its biases are covertly expressed. Also, it was observed that journalists have portrayed their adengda by high usage of attributions. Moreover, large part of the news consists of attribution which shows their standpoint. Table 7 represents the total number of statements against police, protesting parties and government.  Table 5 shows that there is a large use of attributions by The News. Attributions are not evaluation outlets for sources only, but indirect means of appraisal for the journalists as well (Jullian, 2011).

I -Dawn
Dawn has not used attributions widely. There were only two attributions present. It has used one statement against protesting party and one against the police. Hence, the effect is balanced. From this viewpoint, DAWN has presented itself as neutral.

II -The News
The News has widely used attributions against the protesting parties. Journalists reinforce the points they want to make through these voices (Jullian, 2011). Analysis has shown wide use of reported speech verbs which fall in the category of "attribution: acknowledge". The practice of reported speech is usually loaded with ideologies, power relations and social conventions in a society for the purpose of portraying a particular version of "news" that is desirable for whoever is in control of the media system (Davis, 1985;Fang, 2001;Kuo, 2001Kuo, , 2007Haarman & Lombardo, 2009;van Dijk, 1991 Explanation: This statement is a contrast to example number 31 in which there was first attribution about who opened fire first. Later, it has been created a mystery. This shows a tactfulness of newspaper to detach itself from the issue that who opened fire first. Although it has presented its stance.

III -The Nation
The Nation has presented the government's perspective by attributing 4 statements against protesting parties (see table  7). It is believed that quotation patterns are strong ideological tools which can be used to direct readers' interpretation to a certain direction (Issa, 2015). In this way, quotations help them (journalists) to imprint their personal views on the events and ultimately serve an ideological function in the text (Jullian, 2011). So, it is interpreted that the employment of attributed material against PAT and PTI, The Nation has promoted government's perspective by attributing statements in the favor of police by highly credible sources and attributions in favor of anti establishment are the reporting of common men. It is natural that a person would prefer those sources that are highly credible instead of relying on those of common men. Explanation: In this statement, highly credible source is quoted to show that PAT workers have weapons due to which they created menace. In contrast to highly credible source, example 34 is the quotation of a common person which shows that they don't have any weapon. A person will always go for highly credible sources. So, here newspaper ideology to promote the government's stance has been found. 34) [Ishaq, another victim of police brutality, says [Engagement: Herto gloss: Expand: Attribute: Acknowledge] the people have the right to defend themselves by using any means available to them. Pelting police with stones was the least they could do, he added] (The News: 17 th June, 2014) Explanation: This is a statement of a common man who admits that they (PAT supporters) pelted stones on police but they don't have weapons. It is a contrast between example 33 and 34. Attribute" is formulations that "disassociate the proposition from the text's internal authorial voice by attributing it to some external source" (Martin & White, 2005). So by adding attributions, newspaper has detached itself from the issue. At the end, only highly credible sources always win. This is the way how newspapers shape public opinion.

Evaluation as Graduation
Graduation is a general property of both attitude and engagement. In attitude, it enables authors to convey greater or lesser degrees of positivity or negativity (Read & Carroll, 2012). Explanation: In this statement, the traffic mess has been graded. Here the superlative quality of the adjective is used which depicts the extremely bad traffic mess in the locality.

Conclusion
The study in this paper concludes that print media not merely the presents the events, but they function as an evaluative resource because it is embedded with highly attitudinal meanings. Moreover, the news reporting endorses ideological positioning through authorial voice in the text. On the basis of the frequency occurrence of key variables (see section 4.2) in the news reporting it is concluded that the large part of media broadsheet consists of attributed material. Thus, the answer to question 1 (see section 4.2) is provided. To answer the first subsidiary question mentioned in section 4.2, different patterns of reporting are explored in different newspapers. DAWN goes with the perspective of the left-wing by endorsing implicit judgement in the text. While The News has explicit negative evaluation about the activities of left-wing and has an implicit evaluation about the government's positive gestures. On the other hand, The Nation presents the situation from the government's perspective by attributing those utterances which are against protesting parties. Secondly, by observing the frequency of key variables (see section 4.3) newspaper political affiliations were explored which are explained above in this section.