Effect of Trade Credit on Firms Growth: A Case Study of Pakistani Non-financial Firms
Abstract
This study attempts to investigate the impact of trade credit on the growth of non-financial firms of Pakistan. Most of the businesses move from traditional business transactions to automated and sophisticated credit transaction methods. As large firms have better access to financial institutions and markets but still, they are interested to seek firm growth by adopting the trade credit policies. This study collects information from non-financial firms of Pakistan. Panel data is used to explore the impact of trade credit on firms growth. The data collect from the year 2001- 2015 of 257 non-financial firms of Pakistan. A technique of panel data analysis, generalized method of moment used to analyze the data. The results suggest that the trade credit and GDP have a positive significant impact on firms’ growth. Moreover, Firm’s age, its size and inflation in the economy have also impacted the firm’s growth but in negative direction. Finally, the non-financial listed firms of Pakistan can achieve their growth targets by adopting trade credit policies
Downloads
Article Analytics Summary
References
Ahmed, J., & HUI, X.-f. 2016. Investigation of Trade Credit Patterns in Effect with Bank Loan Availability. DEStech Transactions on Social Science, Education and Human Science(seme). DOI: https://doi.org/10.12783/dtssehs/seme2016/5462
Beck, T., Demirgüç-Kunt, A., & Maksimovic, V. 2008. Financing patterns around the world: Are small firms different? Journal of Financial Economics, 89(3): 467-487. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2007.10.005
Beck, T., Demirgüç‐Kunt, A., & Maksimovic, V. 2005. Financial and legal constraints to growth: does firm size matter? The Journal of Finance, 60(1): 137-177. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2005.00727.x
Bennouna, K., Meredith, G. G., & Marchant, T. 2010. Improved capital budgeting decision making: evidence from Canada. Management decision, 48(2): 225-247. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00251741011022590
Berger, A. N., & Udell, G. F. 1995. Relationship lending and lines of credit in small firm finance. Journal of business: 351-381. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/296668
Boyd, J. H., Levine, R., & Smith, B. D. 2001. The impact of inflation on financial sector performance. Journal of monetary Economics, 47(2): 221-248. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3932(01)00049-6
Breig, H. 1996. Financial Regulation and the Banks’ Role in European Economies, European Economic Integration as a Challenge to Industry and Government: 325-347: Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80014-6_16
Burns, R., & Walker, J. 1991. A survey of working capital policy among small manufacturing firms. The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance, 1(1): 61-74.
Coluzzi, C., Ferrando, A., & Martinez-Carrascal, C. 2015. Financing obstacles and growth: an analysis for euro area non-financial firms. The European Journal of Finance, 21(10-11): 773-790. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1351847X.2012.664154
Cunat, V. 2006. Trade credit: suppliers as debt collectors and insurance providers. The Review of Financial Studies, 20(2): 491-527. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhl015
Das, S. 1995. Size, age and firm growth in an infant industry: The computer hardware industry in India. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-7187(94)00453-9
Dunne, P., & Hughes, A. 1994. Age, size, growth and survival: UK companies in the 1980s. The Journal of Industrial Economics: 115-140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2950485
Dunne, T., Roberts, M. J., & Samuelson, L. 1989. The growth and failure of US manufacturing plants. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 104(4): 671-698. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2937862
Elliehausen, G., & Wolken, J. 1993. The Demand for Trade Credit: An Investigation of Motives for Trade Credit use by Small Businesses," Working Paper, The Federal Reserve Board.
Evans, D. S. 1987. The relationship between firm growth, size, and age: Estimates for 100 manufacturing industries. The journal of industrial economics: 567-581. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2098588
Ferrando, A., & Mulier, K. 2013. Do firms use the trade credit channel to manage growth? Journal of Banking & Finance, 37(8): 3035-3046. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2013.02.013
Ferris, J. S. 1981. A transactions theory of trade credit use. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 96(2): 243-270. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1882390
Ge, Y., & Qiu, J. 2007. Financial development, bank discrimination, and trade credit. Journal of Banking & Finance, 31(2): 513-530. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2006.07.009
Geroski, P., & Gugler, K. 2004. Corporate growth convergence in Europe. Oxford Economic Papers, 56(4): 597-620. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpf055
Gertler, M. 1988. Financial structure and aggregate economic activity: an overview: National Bureau of Economic Research Cambridge, Mass., USA. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3386/w2559
Giannetti, M., Burkart, M., & Ellingsen, T. 2011. What you sell is what you lend? Explaining trade credit contracts. The Review of Financial Studies, 24(4): 1261-1298. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhn096
Hall, B. H. 1986. The relationship between firm size and firm growth in the US manufacturing sector: National Bureau of Economic Research Cambridge, Mass., USA. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3386/w1965
Harris, M., & Raviv, A. 1991. The theory of capital structure. the Journal of Finance, 46(1): 297-355. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1991.tb03753.x
Huyghebaert, N., Van de Gucht, L., & Van Hulle, C. 2007. The choice between bank debt and trace credit in business start-ups. Small Business Economics, 29(4): 435-452. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-006-9005-2
Huynh, K. P., & Petrunia, R. J. 2010. Age effects, leverage and firm growth. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 34(5): 1003-1013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2010.01.007
Jaleel, A., Hui, X., Virk, M. U., & Abdullah, M. 2015. Investigation of causal relationship between trade credit and bank loan during the 2008 financial crisis. Journal of Asian Business Strategy, 5(5): 90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.1006/2015.5.5/1006.5.90.98
Jovanovic, B. 1982. Selection and the Evolution of Industry. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society: 649-670. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1912606
Lee, N. 2014. What holds back high-growth firms? Evidence from UK SMEs. Small Business Economics, 43(1): 183-195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-013-9525-5
Long, M. S., Malitz, I. B., & Ravid, S. A. 1993. Trade credit, quality guarantees, and product marketability. Financial management: 117-127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3665582
Love, I., Preve, L. A., & Sarria-Allende, V. 2007. Trade credit and bank credit: Evidence from recent financial crises. Journal of Financial Economics, 83(2): 453-469. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2005.11.002
March, J. G., & Shapira, Z. 1987. Managerial perspectives on risk and risk-taking. Management Science, 33(11): 1404-1418. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.33.11.1404
Marotta, G. 1997. Does trade credit redistribution thwart monetary policy? Evidence from Italy. Applied Economics, 29(12): 1619-1629. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00036849700000038
Miwa, Y., & Ramseyer, J. M. 2008. The implications of trade credit for bank monitoring: Suggestive evidence from Japan. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 17(2): 317-343. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9134.2008.00180.x
Murfin, J., & Njoroge, K. 2012. Small lending big: The real effects of trade credit demands on constrained suppliers. Available at SSRN. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2023409
Ng, C. K., Smith, J. K., & Smith, R. L. 1999. Evidence on the determinants of credit terms used in interfirm trade. The journal of finance, 54(3): 1109-1129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-1082.00138
Niskanen, J., & Niskanen, M. 2006. The Determinants of Corporate Trade Credit Policies in a Bank‐dominated Financial Environment: the Case of Finnish Small Firms. European Financial Management, 12(1): 81-102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1354-7798.2006.00311.x
Oliveira, B., & Fortunato, A. 2006. Firm growth and liquidity constraints: A dynamic analysis. Small Business Economics, 27(2-3): 139-156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-006-0006-y
Petersen, M. A., & Rajan, R. G. 1997. Trade credit: theories and evidence. The review of financial studies, 10(3): 661-691. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/10.3.661
Raheman, A., & Nasr, M. 2007. Working capital management and profitability–case of Pakistani firms. International review of business research papers, 3(1): 279-300.
Rajan, R. G., & Zingales, L. 1996. Financial dependence and growth: National bureau of economic research. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3386/w5758
Schwartz, R. A. 1974. An economic model of trade credit. Journal of financial and quantitative analysis, 9(4): 643-657. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2329765
Smith, J. K. 1987. Trade credit and informational asymmetry. The journal of finance, 42(4): 863-872. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1987.tb03916.x
Sola, C. M., Teruel, P. J. G., & Solano, P. M. 2010. Corporate cash holding and firm value. Documentos de Trabajo FUNCAS(503): 1.
Storey, D. J. 2016. Understanding the small business sector: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315544335
Summers, B., & Wilson, N. 2002. An empirical investigation of trade credit demand. International Journal of the Economics of Business, 9(2): 257-270. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13571510210135005
Vaidya, R. R. 2012. The determinants of trade credit: Evidence from Indian manufacturing firms. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/me.2011.25079
Van Horne, J. C., & Spence, J. 1989. Fundamentals of financial management: Prentice Hall.
Wilson, N., & Summers, B. 2002. Trade credit terms offered by small firms: survey evidence and empirical analysis. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 29(3‐4): 317-351. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5957.00434
CSRC Publishing and JAFEE adhere to Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License. The authors, submitting and publishing in the Journal of Accounting and Finance in Emerging Economies published by CSRC Publishing, retain the copyright of their work and give the journal right to publish their work agreeing to the licensing policy under Creative Common Attribution-Non Commercial (NC-BY-NC 4.0) International. Under this license, the published authors let others remix, tweak, and build upon their work non-commercially. Yet all the other authors using the content of CSRC Publishing are required to cite author(s), journal name and publisher in their work. CSRC Publishing and JAFEE follow an Open Access Policy for copyright and licensing.