The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Work Commitment: The Moderating Role of Organizational Culture

Saira Irfan; Waris Ali; Muhammad Abdul Basit Memon; Shahzad Younis

doi:10.26710/jafee.v7i2.1724

Saira Irfan Department of Applied Psychology University of Sahiwal, Pakistan
Waris Ali Department of Business Administration, University of Sahiwal, Pakistan
Muhammad Abdul Basit Memon Department of Business Administration, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, Pakistan
Shahzad Younis Department of Business Administration, University of Sahiwal, Pakistan

DOI: https://doi.org/10.26710/jafee.v7i2.1724

Keywords: Clan culture, Adhocracy culture, Hierarchy culture, Market culture, Emotional intelligence

Abstract

Purpose: The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and work commitment through the moderating role of organizational culture.

Design/Methodology/Approach: A sample of 351 teachers was randomly selected from public sector universities of Punjab, Pakistan. The data was acquired using a self-administered questionnaire. The study used the structural equational modeling technique (PLS-SEM) to test the hypothesized relationships.

Findings: The result showed a differential impact of all the dimensions of emotional intelligence on work commitment. The results showed a significant positive relationship between the interpersonal dimension and work commitment and a significant negative relationship between the adaptability dimension and work commitment. The remaining dimensions of emotional intelligence were found to have an insignificant relationship. However, hierarchy culture moderated the relationship between emotional intelligence and work commitment.

Implications/Originality/Value: The results highlight the significance of emotional intelligence and hierarchy culture for university teachers. The study suggests university authorities to invest in organizational culture to develop and improve emotional intelligence competencies among university teachers to enhance work commitment.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Article Analytics Summary

References

Abdulkarim, R. M. (2013). The relationship between a leader’s self-perceived level of emotional intelligence and organizational climate, as perceived by organizational members (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from search.proquest.com/openview/9d3956619526667ee37176adc061feba/1?pq.

Abraham, R. (1999). Emotional intelligence in organizations: A conceptualization. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 125(2), 209–224. Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1999-05491-005

Absar, S., & Jameel, S. S. (2017). Teachers motivation in higher education: A comparative study across discipline and designation. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(2), 221–225. Retrieved from http://www.iahrw.com/index.php/home/lournal_detail/19#list

Aghabozorgi, A., Mehni, M. A. K., Alipour, O., & Azizi, B. (2014). Impact of emotional intelligence on organizational commitment of nurses in the public hospital of Sanandaj. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences, 4(S3), 120–127.

Aghdasi, S., Kiamaneshb, A. R., & Ebrahimb, A. N. (2011). Emotional intelligence and organizational commitment: Testing the mediatory role of occupational stress and job satisfaction. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 29, 1965–1976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.447 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.447

Ahmed, H. (2015). Emotional intelligence and job satisfaction among university teachers. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2589038

International Journal of Educational Studies, 2(2), 95-100. Retrieved from https://esciencepress.net/journals/index.php/IJES/article/view/1147/564

Ahmed, S., Khan, M. A., Memon, Z. A., & Siddiqui, F.-U.-H. (2014). Organizational culture and its impact on employee career progression in Public Sector Organizations in Pakistan. IBT Journal of Business Studies, 10(2), 56–70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46745/ilma.jbs.2014.10.02.05

Akintayo, D. I. (2010). Work-family role conflict and organizational commitment among industrial workers in Nigeria. Journal of Psychology and Counseling, 2(1), 1–8. Retrieved from www.academicjournals.org/article/article1380359177_Akintayo.pdf

Al Issa, H.-E., & Mahmood, R. (2016). Emotional intelligence and transformational leadership: The moderating effect of organizational culture. The International Journal Of Business & Management, 4(4), 212–221.

Alavi, S. Z., Mojtahedzadeh, H., Amin, F., & Savoji, A. P. (2013). Relationship between emotional intelligence and organizational commitment in Iran’s Ramin Thermal Power Plant. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 815–819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.653 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.653

Aldhuwaihi, A. (2013). The influence of organizational culture on job satisfaction, organisational commitment and turnover intention: A study on the banking sector in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://vuir.vu.edu.au/22019/1/Abdullah Aldhuwaihi.pdf

Altındag, E., & Kosedagı, Y. (2015). The relationship between emotional intelligence of managers, innovative corporate culture and employee performance. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 210, 270–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.367 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.367

Alvi, H. A., Hanif, M., Adil, M. S., Ahmed, R. R., & Vveinhardt, J. (2014). Impact of organizational culture on organizational commitment and job satisfaction. European Journal of Business and Management Online, 6(27), 30–39.

Azadi, A., Farsani, S. B., Farsani, M. E., & Aroufzad, S. (2013). Relationship between organizational culture and organizational commitment among woman physical education teachers. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 3(1), 531–535.

Azizollah, A., Abolghasem, F., & Mohammad Amin, D. (2015). The relationship between organizational culture and organizational commitment in Zahedan University of Medical Sciences. Global Journal of Health Science, 8(7), 195-20. https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v8n7p195 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v8n7p195

Bar-On, R. (1997). The Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i): Technical manual. Toronto,Canada: Multi-Health Systems, Inc.

Bar-On, R. (2002). Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-I): Technical manual. Toronto,Canada: Multi-Health Systems. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/t03760-000

Beyer, J., & Nino, D. (2001). Culture as a source, expression, and reinforcer of emotions in organizations. In R. L. Payne & C. L. Cooper (eds.), Emotions at work: Theory, research and applications for management (pp. 173–197). Chichester,UK: John Wiley & Sons.

Black, B. (1999). National culture and high commitment management. Employee Relations, 21(4), 389–404. https://doi.org/10.1108/01425459910285519 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/01425459910285519

Blau, G., Paul, A., & St. John, N. (1993). On developing a general index of work commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 42, 298–314. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1993.1021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1993.1021

Blood, M. R. (1969). Work values and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 53(6), 456–459. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0028653 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0028653

Brown, C., George-Curran, R., & Smith, M. L. (2003). The role of emotional intelligence in the career commitment and decision-making process. Journal of Career Assessment, 11(4), 379–392. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072703255834 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072703255834

Brown, A. (1998). Organizational culture (2nd ed.). London: Financial Times Pitman Publishing.

Brown, S. P., & Leigh, T. W. (1996). A new look at psychological climate and its relationship to job involvement, effort, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(4), 358–368. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.81.4.358 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.81.4.358

Cameron, K. S., & Quinn, R. E. (2006). Diagnosing and changing organizational culture: Based on the competing values framework (Rev. ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Cameron, K. S., & Quinn, R. E. (1999). Diagnosing and changing organizational culture-based on the competing values framework. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Carmeli, A. (2003). The relationship between emotional intelligence and work attitudes, behavior and outcomes: An examination among senior managers. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(8), 788–813. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940310511881 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940310511881

Chesnut, S. R., & Cullen, T. A. (2014). Effects of self-efficacy, emotional intelligence, and perceptions of future work environment on preservice teacher commitment. Teacher Educator, 49(2), 116–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/08878730.2014.887168 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08878730.2014.887168

Chin, W. W. (2010). How to write up and report PLS analyses. In V.E. Vinzi, W.W. Chin, J. Henseler, & H. Wang (Eds.), Handbook of partial least squares. Springer Handbooks of Computational Statistics (pp. 655–690). Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-32827-8_29

Cooper, R., & Sawaf, A. (1997). Executive EQ: Emotional intelligence in Business. London: Orion Publishing Group

Corcoran, R. P., & Tormey, R. (2012). How emotionally intelligent are pre-service teachers? Teaching and Teacher Education, 28(5), 750–759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2012.02.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2012.02.007

Dalton, D. R., & Todor, W. D. (1993). Turnover, transfer, absenteeism: An interdependent perspective. Journal of Management, 19(2), 193–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-2063(93)90052-O DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639301900202

Dastmalchian, A., Lee, S., & Ng, I. (2000). The interplay between organizational and national cultures: A comparison of organizational practices in Canada and South Korea using the Competing Values Framework. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 11(2), 388–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/095851900339927 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/095851900339927

Deal, T. E., & Kennedy, A. A. (1982). Corprate cultures:The rights and rituals of corporate life. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

De Dreu, C. K. W., West, M. A., Fischer, A. H., & MacCurtain, S. (2001). Origins and consequences of emotions in organizational teams. In R. L. Payne & C.L. Cooper (eds.), Emotions at Work: Theory, Research and Applications for Management (pp. 199–217). Chichester: Wiley.

Dehghan, F., & Saeidi, P. (2013). Investigating the relationship between emotional intelligence and organizational commitment. Unique Journal of Business Management Research, 1(5), 081–094. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/305171870?accountid=27965

Deleon, M. (2015). The impotance of emotional intelligence at work. Retrieved from https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/245755

Diamantopoulos, A., & Siguaw, J. A. (2006). Formative versus reflective indicators in

organizational measure development: A comparison and empirical illustration. British Journal of Management, 17(4), 263-282.

Emmerling, R. J., & Boyatzis, R. E. (2012). Emotional and social intelligence competencies: Cross cultural implications. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 19(1), 4–18. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527601211195592 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13527601211195592

Farh, C. I., Seo, M. G., & Tesluk, P. E. (2012). Emotional intelligence, teamwork

effectiveness, and job performance: The moderating role of job context. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97 (4) 890–900. https://doi: 10.1037/a0027377 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027377

Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence. New York, NY: Bantam Books Inc.

Goodman, E. A., Zammuto, R. F., & Gifford, B. D. (2001). The competing value framework: Understanding the impact of organizational culture on the quality of work life. Organizational Development Journal, 19(3), 58–68. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/openview/f969938c1e7357afbad5733be83b3d33/1?pq-origsite=gscholar

Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage Publications.

Hartnell, C. A., Ou, A. Y., & Kinicki, A. (2011). Organizational culture and organizational effectiveness: A meta-analytic investigation of the competing values framework’s theoretical suppositions. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(4), 677–694. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021987 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021987

Hassan, N., Jani, S. H. M., Som, R. M., Hamid, N. Z. A., & Azizam, N. A. (2015). The relationship between emotional intelligence and teaching effectiveness among lecturers at Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, Malaysia. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 5(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJSSH.2015.V5.411 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7763/IJSSH.2015.V5.411

Helfrich, C., Li, Y., Mohr, D.C., Meterko, M., & Sales, A.E. (2007). Assessing an organizational culture instrument based on the Competing Values Framework: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Implementation Science, 2(13), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-2-13 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-2-13

Hosseinian, S., Yazdi, S.-M., Zahraie, S., & Fathi-Ashtiani, A. (2008). Emotional intelligence and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Sciences, 8(5), 903–906. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2008.903.906

Jaros, S. J., Jermier, J. M., Koehler, J. W., & Sincich, T. (1993). Effects of continuance, affective, and moral commitment on the withdrawal process: An evaluation of eight Structural Equation Models. Academy of Management Journal, 36(5), 951–995. https://doi.org/10.2307/256642 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/256642

Jarvis, C. B., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, P. M. (2003). A critical review of construct

indicators and measurement model misspecification in marketing and consumer research.

Journal of Consumer Research, 30(2), 199-218.

Kallas, E. (2010). Emotional intelligence, organizational culture and their relationship based on the example of Estonian service organizations (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10062/15399

Kassim, S. I., Bambale, A. J., & Jakada, B. A. (2016). Emotional intelligence and job satisfaction among lecturers of universities in Kano State : Empirical evidence. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(10), 53–59. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1099468.pdf

Kim, J. S., & Han, S. H. (2017). Examining the relationship between Civil Servant perceptions of organizational culture and job attitudes: In the context of the New Public Management Reform in South Korea. Public Organization Review, 17, 157–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-016-0372-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-016-0372-0

Kitayama, S., & Markus, M. R. (Eds. ). (1994). Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/10152-000

Kluckhohn, C. (1951). The study of culture. In D. Lerner & H.D. Lasswell (Eds.), The Policy Sciences (pp. 86–101). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Krog, A. (2014). The relationship between organizational culture and work engagement: A multilevel investigation (Master thesis). Retrieved from https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/39783/The-relationship-between-organizational-culture-and-work-engagement--A-multilevel-investigation.pdf?sequence=1

Kurzdorfer, N. (2016). The impact of organizational culture on public service motivation(Bechelor thesis). University of Twente. Retrieved from http://essay.utwente.nl/70364/

Letam, D. (2017). Emotional intelligence and organizational commitment in three industrial sub-sectors in Rivers State. International Journal of Advanced Academic Research, 3(9), 1–17.

Livingstone, H. A. (2001). Assessing emotional intelligence measures: Do they predict work and life outcomes? Retrieved from http://www.library2.smu.ca/bitstream/handle/01/22138/livingstone_holly_a_masters_2001.PDF?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Madani, S. T. M., & Asgari, M. H. (2014). The relationship between emotional intelligence and job involvement (Case study: The elementary school teachers of Tonekabon city). Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, 4(2s), 29–35.

Manetje, O., & Martins, N. (2009). The relationship between organisational culture and organisational commitment. Southern African Business Review, 13(1), 87–111. Retrieved from http://reference.sabinet.co.za/sa_epublication_article/sabr_v13_n1_a5

Martins, N., & Martins, E. (2003). Organisational culture. In S. P. Robbins, A. Odendaal, & G. Roodt, (Eds.), Organisational behaviour: Global and southern African perspectives (pp. 379-400). Cape Town, South Africa: Pearson Education.

Masouleh, Z. D., & Allahyari, M. S. (2017). The predictability of organisational culture for commitment among faculty members: Evidence from Iran higher education. International Journal of Management in Education, 11(1), 94-109. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMIE.2017.080660 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMIE.2017.080660

Morrow, P. C. (1983). Concept redundancy in organizational research: The case of work commitment. Academy of Management Review, 8(3), 486–500. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.1983.4284606 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1983.4284606

Mustafa, M. Z., Ismail, F, N., Buntat, Y. (2014). Emotional intelligence and organizational

commitment among polytechnic lecturers: A case study on Malaysia Northern Zone

Polytechnic. Journal of Education and Practice, 5 (20), 13-21. Retrieved from https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEP/article/view/14236/14544

Nikolaou, I., & Tsaousis, I. (2002). Emotional intelligene in the workplace: Exploring its effects on occupational stress and organizational commitment. The International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 10(4), 327–342. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb028956 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/eb028956

Noor, F & Hanafi, Z. (2017). The role of emotional intelligence in mediating the relationship

between emerging adulthood and academic achievement. Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction, 14(1), 145-168. Retrieved from http://mjli.uum.edu.my/images/pdf2/vol14no1jun17/6.-THE-ROLE-OF-EMOTIONAL.pdf

Padma, R. N., & Sumitha, N. V. (2009). Organizational culture and its impact on organizational commitment in public and private organizations. Global Management Review, 4(1).

Parker, R., & Bradley, L. (2000). Organisational culture in the public sector: Evidence from six organisations. The International Journal of Public Sector Management, 13(2), 125-141. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513550010338773 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09513550010338773

Quinn, R.E. & Kimberly, J.R. (1984). Paradox, planning, and perseverance: Guidelines for managerial practice. In J.R. Kimberly & R.E. Quinn, (Eds.), Managing organizational transitions (pp. 295 313). Homewood, IL: Dow Jones-Irwin

Quinn, R. E., & Rohrbaugh, J. (1983). A spatial model of effectiveness criteria: Towards a competing values approach to organizational analysis. Management Science, 29(3), 363–377. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.29.3.363 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.29.3.363

Rankin, R. F. (2009). Emotional intelligence: Attrition and attainment in Nursing and

Midwifery Education. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/2321/1/EdD%20Complete%20Final%20draft.pdf

Raza, A., Saleem, S., & Qamar, B. (2014). An investigation of the impact of emotional intelligence on job performance through the mediating effect of organizational commitment : An empirical study of Banking Sector of Pakistan. Information and Knowledge Management, 4(10), 19–27.

Richard, O. C., McMillan-Capehart, A., Bhuian, S. N., & Taylor, E. C. (2009). Antecedents and consequences of psychological contracts: Does organizational culture really matter? Journal of Business Research, 62(8), 818–825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.04.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.04.001

Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Becker, J. M. (2015). SmartPLS 3. Boenningstedt: SmartPLS. GMBH, Retrieved from http://www.smartpls.com

Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Will, A. (2010). Finite mixture partial least squares analysis: Methodology and numerical examples. Handbook of partial least squares (pp. 195-218): Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-32827-8_9

Sabri, P. S. U., Ilyas, M., & Amjad, Z. (2013). The impact of organizational culture on commitment of teachers in Private Sector of Higher Education. Pakistan Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 11(2), 69–76.

Salleh, A. B. (2012). The relationship between organizational culture and organizational commitment: A study of employees in Perbadanan Kemajaan Negeri Kedah (Master thesis). Retrieved from etd.uum.edu.my/3228/2/ANITA_SALLEH.pdf

Salim, S. S. S., Jais, S. M., Shah, M. A., Arip, M., & Adnan, N. H. M. (2015). The role of

emotional intelligence towards work commitment and satisfaction in teaching profession. The Social Sciences, 10(3), 294–297.

Schein, E. (2004). Organizational culture and leadership (3rd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass

Schimank, U. (2005). New public management and the academic profession: Reflections on the German situation. Minerva, 43(4), 361–376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-005-2472-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-005-2472-9

Seo, M.-G., Taylor, M. S., Hill, N. S., Zhang, X., Tesluk, P. E., & Lorinkova, N. M. (2012).

The role of affect and leadership during organizational change. Personnel Psychology,

(1), 121–165. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2011.01240.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2011.01240.x

Shafiq, M., & Rana, R. A. (2016). Relationship of emotional intelligence to organizational commitment of College Teachers in Pakistan. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 16(62), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2016.62.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2016.62.1

Silverthorne, C. (2004). The impact of organizational culture and person-organization fit on organizational commitment and job satisfaction in Taiwan. The Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 25(7), 592–599. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730410561477 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730410561477

Sin, J. L. K., & Yazdanifard, R. (2013). The relationship between emotional intelligence, transformational leadership and organizational culture. Retrieved from http://www.researchgate.net/publication/256296337_The_Relationship_between_Emotional_Intelligence_Transformational_Leadership_and_Organizational_Culture/file/50463522353000e386.pd

Stroud, R. N. (2009). The relationship between leadership competence and employee engagement (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/26138/pdf/1/

Sutton, R. E., & Wheatley, K. F. (2003). Teachers’ emotions and teaching: A review of the literature and directions for future research. Educational Psychology Review, 15(4), 327–358. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026131715856 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026131715856

Sy, T., Tram, S., & O’Hara, L. A. (2006). Relation of employee and manager emotional intelligence to job satisfaction and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68(3), 461–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2005.10.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2005.10.003

Tischler, L., Biberman, J., & McKeage, R. (2002). Linking emotional intelligence, spirituality and workplace performance: Definitions, models and ideas for research. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 17(3), 203–218. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683940210423114 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940210423114

Tolmats, E., & Reino, A. (2006). Interconnections of emotional intelligence and organizational culture : Based on the example of two Business Sectors in Estonia. In National and international aspects of organizational culture (pp. 121–146). Tartu: Tartu University Press.

Trivellas, P., & Dargenidou, D. (2009). Organisational culture, job satisfaction and higher education service quality: The case of Technological Educational Institute of Larissa. The TQM Journal, 21(4), 382–399. https://doi.org/10.1108/17542730910965083 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/17542730910965083

Vandenberg, R. J., & Self, R. M. (1993). Assessing newcomers’ changing commitments to the organization during the first 6 months of work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(4), 557–568. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.4.557 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.4.557

Vasudevan, H. (2013). The influence of emotional intelligence and creativity on employee’s work commitment and performance. International Journal of Management and Business, 3(3), 233–255.

Wagner, J. A. (1995). Studies of individualism-collectivism: Effects on cooperation in groups. Academy of Management Journal, 38(1), 152–172. https://doi.org/10.2307/256731 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/256731

Wiener, Y., & Vardi, Y. (1980). Relationships between job, organization, and career commitments and work outcomes—An integrative approach. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 26(1), 81–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(80)90048-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(80)90048-3

Wong, C. S., & Law, K. S. (2002). The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. Leadership Quarterly, 13(3), 243-274. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00099-1

Yeung, K. O., Brockbank, J. W., & Ulrich, D. O. (1991). Organizational culture and human resource practices: An empirical assessment. Research in Organizational Change and Development, 5(1), 59–82.

Yu, T., & Wu, N. (2009). A review of study on the competing values framework. International Journal of Business and Management, 4(7), 37–42. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v4n7p37 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v4n7p37

Zahed-Babelan, A., & Moenikia, M. (2010). The role of emotional intelligence in predicting students’ academic achievement in distance education system. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 1158–1163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.164