An Analytical Study of Conflicts and Violence on Socio-Economic Status in Pakistan
Abstract
Purpose: This research focuses on how the currently occurring conflicts in Pakistan are leading to violent acts which in turn affect the society and the economy of the country. Conflicts and violence are becoming a colossal menace for developing countries such as Pakistan and Afghanistan.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Moreover, the research has examined, using the tools of comparative analysis, how conflicts and violence affect the economy and society.
Findings: The results suggest that conflicts and violence have rendered serious Socio-economic consequences. Conflicts and violence destroy assets, institutions and brutely disturb the social setup of the country by disturbing the socio-economic progress of the nation. Pakistan has been a victim of conflicts and violence since the day of its independence. Whether it is the migration of refugees in 1947, Pak Indo war of 1965, East Pakistan separation in 1971, post 9/11 war on terrorism, Lal Masjid attack in 2008, PNS Mehran terrorist attack in 2011, or the Peshawar Army Public School attack in 2015, Pakistan has suffered great losses both socially and economically.
Implications/Originality/Value: The study has contributed towards better understanding of how conflice and violence has affected the socio-economic structure of Pakistan. Acid attacks, violence against women, child abuse, ethnic polarization, Islamic sectarianism, intolerance, and honor killings are a few of the many heinous acts that have not only affected each member of the society in Pakistan but have also proven to be a threat to each sector of its economy.
Downloads
Article Analytics Summary
References
Alberto Abdie & Javier Gardeazabal (2003). The Economic Costs of Conflict: A Case Study of the Basque Country. The American Economic Review, Vol. 93, No. 1., pp. 113-132. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/000282803321455188
Asal, V., Fair, C. C., & Shellman, S. (2008). “Consenting to a Child's Decision to join a Jihad: Insights from a Survey of Militant Families in Pakistan. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 31(11), 1001-1022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100802400201
Aziz, Khalid (2010). The main causes of the breakdown of Governance and then rise of militancy. Retrieved from
Brynjar, L., & Katja H-W, S. (2000). Why terrorism occurs - A survey of theories and hypotheses FFI/Rapport-2000/02769 Norway, Forsvarets Forsknings Institute Norwegian Defense Research Establishment, NO-2027 Kjeller.
Collier, P.; Hoeffler, A. & Soderblom, M. (2004). ‘On the Duration of Civil War’. Journal of Peace Research 41.3. pp. 253–73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343304043769
Collins Thesaurus of the English Language, Complete and Unabridged 2nd Edition (2002). http://www.thefreedictionary.com/radicalism Accessed: 05/01/2013 11:15 PM
Engels, F. (2004). Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State. International Resistance Books, 23 Abercrombie St, Chippendale NSW 2008, Australia.
Hoffman, B. (1999). Inside Terrorism. New York: Columbia University Press pp.86- 129. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/20049971?uid=3738832&uid=2&u id=4&sid=21102784722933.
Jaspal, Z (2008). WMD Terrorism and Pakistan: Counterterrorism Defense against Terrorism Review Vol. 1, (No. 2).
Justino, P. (2007). ‘A Micro-Level Analysis of Poverty and Conflict Traps’. IDS Working Paper 385. Harvard University. Vol .3.
Kazmi, S. F., Parvez, T. (2011). “Socio-Economic and Cultural Perspectives of Terrorism in Pakistan and the Madrassa (Mosque) Students”. International Journal of Academic Re s e a r c h. Volume 3, Numb e r 2. Re tri e v e d www.ijar.lit.az/en.php?go
Lai, B., & Thyne, C. (2015). The effect of civil war on education. Journal of Peace Research, 277–292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343307076631
Ljujic, V., van Prooijen, J. W., & Weerman, F. (2017). Beyond the crime-terror nexus: socio-economic status, violent crimes, and terrorism. Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JCRPP-02-2017-0010
Looney, R. (2004). “Failed economic Take-offs and Terrorism in Pakistan”. Asian Survey, 44(6), 771-793. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2004.44.6.771
Loza, W. (2009). “Letter from the Chair, CPA Section on Extremism/ Terrorism. 1, (1)”, Retrieved, May 7, 2013, from http://www.prosocialscience. org/ Extremism201 (1).
Lutz, J & Lutz, B. (2013). The Role of Foreign Influences in Early Terrorism: Examples and implications for understanding modern terrorism. Perspective on terrorism Volume 7, (No 2). Retrieved from: http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/252
Martin, P., Mayer, T. & Thoenig, M. (2008). ‘Civil wars and international trade. Journal of the European Economic Association. Vol. 3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/JEEA.2008.6.2-3.541
Mesoy, A. (2013). NOREF Expert Analysis: Poverty and radicalization into violent extremism, a causal link. Norwegian Peace Building Resource Centre. Retrieved from http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/ Detail/?lng=en&id=158431.
Mueller, H., Piemontese, L. & Tapsoba (2016). Recovery from Conflict: Lessons of Success. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, forthcoming. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-7970
Robert D. Abbott, Ick-Joong Chung, JieGuo, J. David Hawkins, Todd I. Herrenkohl & Karl G. Hill (2010). Protective Factors against Serious Violent Behavior in Adolescence: A Prospective Study of Aggressive Children. Journal article by Social Work Research, Vol. 27.
Sardinha, L., & Catalán, H. E. N. (2018). Attitudes towards domestic violence in 49 low-and middle-income countries: A gendered analysis of prevalence and country-level correlates. PloS one, 13(10), e0206101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206101
Shemyakina & Olga (2011). "The effect of armed conflict on the accumulation of schooling: Results from Tajikistan”. Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(2), pp. 186-200. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.05.002
Siyan, C., Loayaza, N. & Reynal-Querol, (2011). ‘The Aftermath of Civil War’. World Bank Economic Review.
Stewart F, & Fitzgerald V. (2010). War and underdevelopment: the economic and social consequences of conflict. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Copyright (c) 2021 Hina Ali, Saeed Ur Rahman, Farhana Nosheen, Iqra Ashraf
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
CSRC Publishing and JAFEE adhere to Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License. The authors, submitting and publishing in the Journal of Accounting and Finance in Emerging Economies published by CSRC Publishing, retain the copyright of their work and give the journal right to publish their work agreeing to the licensing policy under Creative Common Attribution-Non Commercial (NC-BY-NC 4.0) International. Under this license, the published authors let others remix, tweak, and build upon their work non-commercially. Yet all the other authors using the content of CSRC Publishing are required to cite author(s), journal name and publisher in their work. CSRC Publishing and JAFEE follow an Open Access Policy for copyright and licensing.
